Spatial expansion of large cardamom and its recent threats....

It is believed that large cardamom is domesticated in Sikkim and Sikkim is said its origin. Nepal is located nearby Sikkim so the practice of large cardamom cultivation is entered through eastern Nepal which has a suitable climatic condition. Large cardamom was introduced into Ilam (Nepal) by the Nepalese laborers who went to Sikkim for seasonal work. Large cardamom has become a major cash crop contributing directly to poverty alleviation through rural economic development. Its cultivation began around 50 years ago in one district in East Nepal and has expanded to 38 districts.

New threats and challenges black gold or queen of spice

This is one of the new threat which has recently occurred.

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Himalayan Environmental Degradation Narrative

Introduction Narratives are often characterized as stories or arguments that tell about scenarios and revolves around the chain of events (Roe, 1991) . Events in the narrative start with the normal situation in which local people are living without problems having a good relationship with the environment. Then problems or changes arise in the existing situations and the effects of such problems are assessed focusing on causal explanation. In addition, narratives are normative than ideology and explicitly programmatic (ibid:288) . These are also encoded by many researchers as “received wisdom” (Leach and Mearns, 1996:443) which enables policymakers and other donor agencies. Often their intervention action gets a heroic position in the local communities (Hoben et al., 1996) although, their truth-value is in question. On the basis of this theoretical justification, this essay presents the narrative of Himalayan environmental degradation and argument about it. Himalayan Environme

Sustainability science and sustainable development of agriculture in developing countries in the context of multiple global challenges

The agriculture sector is increasingly being affected by multiple global changes in the world (Tilman et al., 2002). The risk of food insecurity is growing as the population size has been predicted to reach nine billion by 2050 in the world (FAO, 2014, Fischer et al., 2014). It has also been estimated that about ten percent of agricultural productive capacity in developing countries will be declined by 2080 due to global warming (Cline, 2007). In this situation, there is a great challenge of producing enough food to meet the food demand and secure the food for the insecure population. Over the past decades, different scientific approaches have been emerged and used to develop to improve the agriculture sector. For instance, ‘science push, market-driven, and ‘diffusion of innovation approaches’ of agricultural development (see.Arnold and Bell, 2001, World Bank, 2006). In these approaches, the role of both basic and applied sciences has been considered as the main way to solve the agric

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