Spatial expansion of large cardamom and its recent threats....

It is believed that large cardamom is domesticated in Sikkim and Sikkim is said its origin. Nepal is located nearby Sikkim so the practice of large cardamom cultivation is entered through eastern Nepal which has a suitable climatic condition. Large cardamom was introduced into Ilam (Nepal) by the Nepalese laborers who went to Sikkim for seasonal work. Large cardamom has become a major cash crop contributing directly to poverty alleviation through rural economic development. Its cultivation began around 50 years ago in one district in East Nepal and has expanded to 38 districts.

New threats and challenges black gold or queen of spice

This is one of the new threat which has recently occurred.

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Himalayan Environmental Degradation Narrative

Introduction Narratives are often characterized as stories or arguments that tell about scenarios and revolves around the chain of events (Roe, 1991) . Events in the narrative start with the normal situation in which local people are living without problems having a good relationship with the environment. Then problems or changes arise in the existing situations and the effects of such problems are assessed focusing on causal explanation. In addition, narratives are normative than ideology and explicitly programmatic (ibid:288) . These are also encoded by many researchers as “received wisdom” (Leach and Mearns, 1996:443) which enables policymakers and other donor agencies. Often their intervention action gets a heroic position in the local communities (Hoben et al., 1996) although, their truth-value is in question. On the basis of this theoretical justification, this essay presents the narrative of Himalayan environmental degradation and argument about it. Himalayan Environme...

Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Two Theoretical Eyes

Hoben (1996) clearly reflects his theoretical position on his writing as a political ecologist relating the land degradation issues to history, power and individual property rights. He presents a historically grounded culturally constructed paradigm which was rooted form the narrative. He gives the thick descriptions of traditional Ethiopian context and indigenous agricultural society as well as an effect of highly authoritarian and military ruling society on indigenous practice. Later on, he describes the acceptance of neo-Malthusian environmental narrative by state, development aid agencies and other international environmental conservation institutions. He also explains that, the poor performance and failure of those involved agents in Ethiopian environmental reclamation; mainly the top-down approach of large programs food-for-work (FFW) that supported to the farmer that helps to plant trees and make terraces was became counterproductive. But Munro et al. (2008) pre...

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